这些设计模式都是基于抽象类的。使用抽象对象是这里的一个核心。
其实我觉得框架化编程的一个核心问题是抽象,用抽象的对象构建程序的主体框架,这是面向对象编程的普遍思想。用抽象构建骨架,再加上多态就形成了一个完整的程序。由于C++语言本身实现了继承和多态,使用这样的编程理念(理念啥意思?跟个风,嘿嘿)在C++中是十分普遍的现象,可以说Virtual(多态)是VC的灵魂。
但是,使用C语言的我们都快把这个多态忘光光了。我常听见前辈说,类?多态?我们用的是C,把这些忘了吧。很不幸的是,我是一个固执的人。这么好的东西,为啥不用呢。很高兴的,在最近的一些纯C代码中,我看见了C中的多态!下面且听我慢慢道来。
1. VC中的Interface是什么
Interface:中文解释是接口,其实它表示的是一个纯虚类。不过我所要说的是,在VC中的Interface其实就是suct,查找Interface的定义,你可以发现有这样的宏定义:
#Ifndef Interface
#define Interface suct
#endif
而且,实际上在VC中,如果一个类有Virtual的函数,则类里面会有v,它实际上是一个虚函数列表。实际上C++是从C发展而来的,它不过是在语言级别上支持了很多新功能,在C语言中,我们也可以使用这样的功能,前提是我们不得不自己实现。
2.C中如何实现纯虚类(我称它为纯虚结构)
比较前面,相信大家已经豁然开朗了。使用suct组合函数指针就可以实现纯虚类。
例子:
typedef suct {
void (*Foo1)();
char (*Foo2)();
char* (*Foo3)(char* st);
}
MyVirtualInterface;
这样假设我们在主体框架中要使用桥模式。(我们的主类是DoMyAct,接口具体实现类是Act1,Act2)下面我将依次介绍这些“类”。(C中的“类”在前面有说明,这里换了一个,是使用早期的数组的办法)
主类DoMyAct: 主类中含有MyVirtualInterface* m_pInterface; 主类有下函数:
DoMyAct_SetInterface(MyVirtualInterface* pInterface)
{
m_pInterface= pInterface;
}
DoMyAct_Do()
{
if(m_pInterface==NULL) return;
m_pInterface->Foo1();
c=m_pInterface->Foo2();
}
子类Act1:实现虚结构,含有MyVirtualInterface st[MAX]; 有以下函数:
MyVirtualInterface* Act1_CreatInterface()
{
index=FindValid() //对象池或者使用Malloc !应该留在外面申请,实例化
if(index==-1) return NULL;
St[index].Foo1=Act1_Foo1; // Act1_Foo1要在下面具体实现
St[index].Foo2=Act1_Foo2;
St[index].Foo3=Act1_Foo3;
Return &st [index];
}
子类Act2同上。
在main中,假设有一个对象List。List中存贮的是MyVirtualInterface指针,则有:
if( (p= Act1_CreatInterface()) != NULL)
List_AddObject(&List, p); //Add All
While(p=List_GetObject()){
DoMyAct_SetInterface(p);//使用Interface代替了原来大篇幅的Switch Case
DoMyAct_Do();//不要理会具体的什么样的动作,just do it
}
FREE ALL
Writer为例,使用宏定义可以如下:
1.TxtWriter.h/.c分别定义和实现txt_writer_open,txt_writer_write,txt_writer_close三个函数,BinWriter.h/.c分别定义和实现bin_writer_open,bin_writer_write,bin_writer_close三个函数;
2.定义头文件Writer.h如下(仅主要部分):
#define TXT_MODE 1
#define BIN_MODE 2
#define WRITER_MODE TXT_MODE
#if WRITER_MODE==TXTMODE
#include "TxtWriter.h"
#define writer_open txt_writer_open
#define writer_write txt_writer_write
#define writer_close txt_writer_close
#elif WRITER_MODE==BIN_MODE
#include "BinWriter.h"
#define writer_open bin_writer_open
#define writer_write bin_writer_write
#define writer_close bin_writer_close
#endif
从而,在具体使用时引入Writer.h头文件并通过writer_open、writer_write、writer_close调用对应的功能,而改变WRITER_MODE并重新编译,即可实现对应输出模式的切换。
现在我们就来动手实现C语言的继承与多态,我们还是以比较经典的动物世界中的实例来举例:假设动物们(包括人)都会吃(Eat),会走(Walk),会说(Talk),而派生类为 dog(汪星人) 和 cat(喵星人),当然还可以是更多,dog 和 cat 都有自己独特的 eat, walk 和 talk 方式,那么大致的代码如下:
基类代码 animal-base.h|c:
/*
* =============================================================================
*
* Filename: animal-base.h
*
* Description: animal base class.
*
* Created: 12/31/2012 11:36:43 AM
*
* Author: Fu Haiping (forhappy), [email protected]
* Company: ICT ( Institute Of Computing Technology, CAS )
*
* =============================================================================
*/
#ifndef _ANIMAL_H_
#define _ANIMAL_H_
typedef struct animal_s_ animal_t;
typedef struct animal_ops_s_ animal_ops_t;
/* 动物类,是所有动物类的基类,也是抽象类 */
struct animal_s_ {
char *name; /*< 动物的名称 */
animal_ops_t *animal_ops; /* 动物的基本行为 */
};
/* 动物的基本行为 */
struct animal_ops_s_ {
/* 动物吃了什么食物 */
void (*eat)(char *food);
/* 动物走了多少步 */
void (*walk)(int steps);
/* 动物在说什么 */
void (*talk)(char *msg);
};
/* 基类的构造函数,需要显示调用 */
extern animal_t * animal_init(char *name);
/* 基类的有关操作,如吃,走,说等等 */
extern void animal_eat(animal_t *animal, char *food);
extern void animal_walk(animal_t *animal, int steps);
extern void animal_talk(animal_t *animal, char *msg);
/* 基类的析构函数,需要显示调用 */
extern void animal_die(animal_t *animal);
#endif /* _ANIMAL_H_ */
/*
* =============================================================================
*
* Filename: animal-base.c
*
* Description: animal base class.
*
* Created: 12/31/2012 12:27:27 PM
*
* Author: Fu Haiping (forhappy), [email protected]
* Company: ICT ( Institute Of Computing Technology, CAS )
*
* =============================================================================
*/
#include
#include
#include
#include "animal-base.h"
/* 基类的构造函数,需要显示调用 */
animal_t * animal_init(char *name)
{
assert(name != NULL);
size_t name_len = strlen(name);
animal_t *animal = (animal_t *)malloc(sizeof(animal_t)
+ sizeof(animal_ops_t) + name_len + 1);
memset(animal, 0, (sizeof(animal_t) + sizeof(animal_ops_t)
+ name_len + 1));
animal->name = (char *)animal + sizeof(animal_t);
memcpy(animal, name, name_len);
animal->animal_ops = (animal_ops_t *)((char *)animal
+ sizeof(animal_t) + name_len + 1);
return animal;
}
/* 基类的有关操作,如吃,走,说等等 */
void animal_eat(animal_t *animal, char *food)
{
animal->animal_ops->eat(food);
return;
}
void animal_walk(animal_t *animal, int steps)
{
animal->animal_ops->walk(steps);
return;
}
void animal_talk(animal_t *animal, char *msg)
{
animal->animal_ops->talk(msg);
return;
}
/* 基类的析构函数,需要显示调用 */
void animal_die(animal_t *animal)
{
assert(animal != NULL);
free(animal);
return;
}
汪星人 dog 类的实现代码:
#include "animal-base.h"
typedef struct dog_s_ dog_t;
struct dog_s_ {
animal_t base; /* 继承自 animal 基类 */
/* 以下还可以添加与 dog 相关的属性和方法(函数指针), 如: */
/* char *owner; // dog 的主人 */
/* void (*hunt)(const char *rabbit); // 猎兔犬 */
};
extern dog_t * dog_init();
extern void dog_die(dog_t * dog);
/*
* =============================================================================
*
* Filename: dog.c
*
* Description: dog class derived from animal base class.
*
* Created: 12/31/2012 12:52:26 PM
*
* Author: Fu Haiping (forhappy), [email protected]
* Company: ICT ( Institute Of Computing Technology, CAS )
*
* =============================================================================
*/
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include "dog.h"
static void eat(char *food);
static void walk(int steps);
static void talk(char *msg);
dog_t * dog_init()
{
dog_t *dog = (dog_t *)malloc(sizeof(dog_t));
animal_t *animal = (animal_t *)animal_init("doggggggggggggg");
memcpy(&(dog->base), animal, sizeof(animal_t));
dog->base.animal_ops->eat = eat;
dog->base.animal_ops->walk = walk;
dog->base.animal_ops->talk = talk;
free(animal);
return dog;
}
void dog_die(dog_t *dog)
{
/* nothing to do here. */
}
static void eat(char *food)
{
printf("I'm a dog, I eat %sn", food);
}
static void walk(int steps)
{
printf("I'm a dog, I can jump %d steps one timen", steps);
}
static void talk(char *msg)
{
printf("I'm a dog, I talk my language %sn", msg);
}
喵星人(cat 类) 的实现代码:
/*
* =============================================================================
*
* Filename: cat.h
*
* Description: cat class derived from animal base class.
*
* Created: 12/31/2012 12:44:05 PM
*
* Author: Fu Haiping (forhappy), [email protected]
* Company: ICT ( Institute Of Computing Technology, CAS )
*
* =============================================================================
*/
#include "animal-base.h"
typedef struct cat_s_ cat_t;
struct cat_s_ {
animal_t base; /* 继承自 animal 基类 */
/* 以下还可以添加与 cat 相关的属性和方法(函数指针), 如: */
/* char *owner; // cat 的主人 */
/* void (*hunt)(const char *rabbit); // 猎兔犬 */
};
extern cat_t * cat_init();
extern void cat_die(cat_t * cat);
/*
* =============================================================================
*
* Filename: cat.c
*
* Description: cat class derived from animal base class.
*
* Created: 12/31/2012 12:52:26 PM
*
* Author: Fu Haiping (forhappy), [email protected]
* Company: ICT ( Institute Of Computing Technology, CAS )
*
* =============================================================================
*/
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include "cat.h"
static void eat(char *food);
static void walk(int steps);
static void talk(char *msg);
cat_t * cat_init()
{
cat_t *cat = (cat_t *)malloc(sizeof(cat_t));
animal_t *animal = (animal_t *)animal_init("cat");
memcpy(&(cat->base), animal, sizeof(animal_t));
cat->base.animal_ops->eat = eat;
cat->base.animal_ops->walk = walk;
cat->base.animal_ops->talk = talk;
free(animal);
return cat;
}
void cat_die(cat_t *cat)
{
/* nothing to do here. */
}
static void eat(char *food)
{
printf("I'm a cat, I eat %sn", food);
}
static void walk(int steps)
{
printf("I'm a cat, I can jump %d steps one timen", steps);
}
static void talk(char *msg)
{
printf("I'm a cat, I talk my language %sn", msg);
}
最后,测试代码如下:
/*
* =============================================================================
*
* Filename: main.c
*
* Description: main test.
*
* Created: 12/31/2012 01:00:43 PM
*
* Author: Fu Haiping (forhappy), [email protected]
* Company: ICT ( Institute Of Computing Technology, CAS )
*
* =============================================================================
*/
#include
#include "animal-base.h"
#include "dog.h"
#include "cat.h"
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
dog_t *dog = dog_init();
cat_t *cat = cat_init();
/* dog 类测试 */
animal_eat(dog, "bones");
animal_walk(dog, 5);
animal_talk(dog, "wuang wuang wuang...");
/* cat 类测试 */
animal_eat(cat, "fish");
animal_walk(cat, 3);
animal_talk(cat, "miao miao miao...");
}
当然还有一点点 Makefile 啦:
all:main
main:main.o dog.o cat.o animal-base.o
gcc -o $@ $^
main.o:main.c
cat.o:cat.c
dog.o:dog.c
animal-base.o:animal-base.c
.PHONY:clean
clean:
rm main main.o dog.o cat.o animal-base.o
最后执行结果为:
I'm a dog, I eat bones
I'm a dog, I can jump 5 steps one time
I'm a dog, I talk my language wuang wuang wuang...
I'm a cat, I eat fish
I'm a cat, I can jump 3 steps one time
I'm a cat, I talk my language miao miao miao...