PHP5.4后新增traits实现代码复用机制,Trait和类相似,但不能被实例化,无需继承,只需要在类中使用关键词use引入即可,可引入多个Traits,用','隔开。
(1)Trait简单使用
trait A {
public $var1 = 'test1';
public function test1() {
echo 'trait A::test1()';
}
}
trait B {
public $var2 = 'test2';
public function test2() {
echo 'trait B::test2()';
}
}
class C {
use A,B;
}
$c = new C();
echo $c->var1; //test1
$c->test2(); //trait B::test2()
(2)优先级问题
Trait会覆盖继承的方法,当前类会覆盖Trait方法。
trait A {
public $var1 = 'test';
public function test() {
echo 'A::test()';
}
public function test1() {
echo 'A::test1()';
}
}
class B {
public function test() {
echo 'B::test()';
}
public function test1() {
echo 'B::test1()';
}
}
class C extends B{
use A;
public function test() {
echo 'c::test()';
}
}
$c = new C();
$c->test(); //c::test()
$c->test1(); //A::test1()
(3)多个Trait冲突问题
如果没有解决冲突,会产生致命错误;
可用insteadof来明确使用冲突中哪一个方法;
可用as操作符将其中一个冲突方法另起名;
trait A {
public function test() {
echo 'A::test()';
}
}
trait B {
public function test() {
echo 'B::test()';
}
}
class C {
use A,B {
B::test insteadof A;
B::test as t;
}
}
$c = new C();
$c->test(); //B::test()
$c->t(); //B::test() 可以用as另起名
(4)as可用来修改方法访问控制
trait HelloWorld {
public function sayHello () {
echo 'Hello World!' ;
}
}
// 修改 sayHello 的访问控制
class A {
use HelloWorld { sayHello as protected; }
}
// 给方法一个改变了访问控制的别名
// 原版 sayHello 的访问控制则没有发生变化
class B {
use HelloWorld { sayHello as private myPrivateHello ; }
}
$b = new A();
$b->sayHello(); //Fatal error: Call to protected method A::sayHello() from context ''
(5)Trait中使用Trait
trait A {
public function test1() {
echo 'test1';
}
}
trait B {
public function test2() {
echo 'test2';
}
}
trait C {
use A,B;
}
class D {
use C;
}
$d = new D();
$d->test2(); //test2
(6)Trait支持抽象方法、支持静态方法、不可以直接定义静态变量,但静态变量可被trait方法引用。
trait A {
public function test1() {
static $a = 0;
$a++;
echo $a;
}
abstract public function test2(); //可定义抽象方法
}
class B {
use A;
public function test2() {
}
}
$b = new B();
$b->test1(); //1
$b->test1(); //2
(7)Trait可定义属性,但类中不能定义同样名称属性
trait A {
public $test1;
}
class B {
use A;
public $test2;
}
接着看
trait Drive {
public $carName = 'trait';
public function driving() {
echo "driving {$this->carName}\n";
}
}
class Person {
public function eat() {
echo "eat\n";
}
}
class Student extends Person {
use Drive;
public function study() {
echo "study\n";
}
}
$student = new Student();
$student->study();
$student->eat();
$student->driving();
输出结果如下:
study
eat
driving trait
上面的例子中,Student类通过继承Person,有了eat方法,通过组合Drive,有了driving方法和属性carName。
如果Trait、基类和本类中都存在某个同名的属性或者方法,最终会保留哪一个呢?通过下面的代码测试一下:
trait Drive {
public function hello() {
echo "hello drive\n";
}
public function driving() {
echo "driving from drive\n";
}
}
class Person {
public function hello() {
echo "hello person\n";
}
public function driving() {
echo "driving from person\n";
}
}
class Student extends Person {
use Drive;
public function hello() {
echo "hello student\n";
}
}
$student = new Student();
$student->hello();
$student->driving();
输出结果如下:
hello student
driving from drive
因此得出结论:当方法或属性同名时,当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆盖了基类中的方法。
如果要组合多个Trait,通过逗号分隔 Trait名称:
use Trait1, Trait2;
如果多个Trait中包含同名方法或者属性时,会怎样呢?答案是当组合的多个Trait包含同名属性或者方法时,需要明确声明解决冲突,否则会产生一个致命错误。
trait Trait1 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait1::hello\n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait1::hi\n";
}
}
trait Trait2 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait2::hello\n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait2::hi\n";
}
}
class Class1 {
use Trait1, Trait2;
}
输出结果如下:
PHP Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20
使用insteadof和as操作符来解决冲突,insteadof是使用某个方法替代另一个,而as是给方法取一个别名,具体用法请看代码:
trait Trait1 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait1::hello\n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait1::hi\n";
}
}
trait Trait2 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait2::hello\n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait2::hi\n";
}
}
class Class1 {
use Trait1, Trait2 {
Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
}
}
class Class2 {
use Trait1, Trait2 {
Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
Trait2::hi as hei;
Trait1::hello as hehe;
}
}
$Obj1 = new Class1();
$Obj1->hello();
$Obj1->hi();
echo "\n";
$Obj2 = new Class2();
$Obj2->hello();
$Obj2->hi();
$Obj2->hei();
$Obj2->hehe();
输出结果如下:
Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi
Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi
Trait2::hi
Trait1::hello
as关键词还有另外一个用途,那就是修改方法的访问控制:
trait Hello {
public function hello() {
echo "hello,trait\n";
}
}
class Class1 {
use Hello {
hello as protected;
}
}
class Class2 {
use Hello {
Hello::hello as private hi;
}
}
$Obj1 = new Class1();
$Obj1->hello(); # 报致命错误,因为hello方法被修改成受保护的
$Obj2 = new Class2();
$Obj2->hello(); # 原来的hello方法仍然是公共的
$Obj2->hi(); # 报致命错误,因为别名hi方法被修改成私有的
Trait 也能组合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、静态属性及静态方法,测试代码如下:
trait Hello {
public function sayHello() {
echo "Hello\n";
}
}
trait World {
use Hello;
public function sayWorld() {
echo "World\n";
}
abstract public function getWorld();
public function inc() {
static $c = 0;
$c = $c + 1;
echo "$c\n";
}
public static function doSomething() {
echo "Doing something\n";
}
}
class HelloWorld {
use World;
public function getWorld() {
return 'get World';
}
}
$Obj = new HelloWorld();
$Obj->sayHello();
$Obj->sayWorld();
echo $Obj->getWorld() . "\n";
HelloWorld::doSomething();
$Obj->inc();
$Obj->inc();
输出结果如下:
Hello
World
get World
Doing something
1
2